The invasive procedure consists of the insertion of small catheters into the vascular system which, going through the blood vessels, reach the sector concerned by the disease: heart, cardiac and coronary valves, carotid, aorta, peripheral arteries, etc. It is possible in this way to study heart function and the state of the arterial system (coronary catheterisation, angiography, etc.) or to intervene for therapeutic purposes (angioplasty and stent implantation, valvuloplasty, etc.), thus avoiding surgery in many cases.
Some of the reference exams are:

• Angiography of the thoracoabdominal aorta;
• Angiography of the supra-aortic trunks;
• Selective angiography of the renal arteries and of the celiac tripod;
• Angiography of the lower extremity arteries (iliofemoral-popliteal and tibioperoneal district);
• Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (directional atherectomy/cutting, medicated and non-medicated stent implantation).
• Peripheral angioplasty (carotid and subclavian-vertebral district, renal and mesenteric arteries, iliofemoral-popliteal and tibioperoneal axis, diabetic foot).
• Left and right cardiac catheterisation
• Left and right selective coronary arteriography
• Percutaneous implantation of endoprostheses in the thoracoabdominal aorta.
• Left and right ventriculography
• Assessment of cardiac output, mitral valve area, transvalvular gradients, intracardiac shunts.

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